August 2012 Briefing - Pathology

Here are what the editors at HealthDay consider to be the most important developments in Pathology for August 2012. This roundup includes the latest research news from journal articles, as well as the FDA approvals and regulatory changes that are the most likely to affect clinical practice.

Novel Pathogenic Virus Identified in Missouri

THURSDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- A novel pathogenic virus dubbed the Heartland virus, which is a member of the phlebovirus genus, has been identified in two patients from Missouri, according to a report published in the Aug. 30 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

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Mites, Associated Bacteria Possibly Play Role in Rosacea

THURSDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- A role has been suggested for Demodex mites and their associated bacteria in rosacea, according to a study published online Aug. 29 in the Journal of Medical Microbiology.

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Mutation ID'd in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 29 (HealthDay News) -- MYD88 L265P is a common, recurring mutation in patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, according to a study published in the Aug. 30 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

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GI Pathogen at Lake Linked to Human Fecal Contamination

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 29 (HealthDay News) -- Water at beaches along Lake Erie contains a pathogen associated with human fecal contamination, Arcobacter species, which are known to cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, and levels correlate with beach advisories, according to a study published in the August issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

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Gene Score IDs Prognosis in Metastatic Neuroblastoma

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 29 (HealthDay News) -- For children with metastatic MYCN-nonamplified neuroblastoma (NBL-NA) diagnosed at age 18 months or older, increased expression of tumor-associated inflammatory genes seems to correlate with poor prognosis, according to a study published online Aug. 27 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

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Five CSF Markers Differentiate Dementia, Parkinsonism

TUESDAY, Aug. 28 (HealthDay News) -- Levels of five different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are able to improve differentiation between common dementia and parkinsonian disorders, according to a study published online Aug. 27 in the Archives of Neurology.

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Low-Frequency Gene Variant Linked to Brain Tumors

TUESDAY, Aug. 28 (HealthDay News) -- A low-frequency gene variant, rs55705857, is strongly associated with the risk of developing gliomas, with the strongest association seen in the presence of mutations in IDH1 and IDH2, according to a letter to the editor published online Aug. 26 in Nature Genetics.

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In Type 2 DM, Proteinuria With SBP <130 Ups CVD Mortality

FRIDAY, Aug. 24 (HealthDay News) -- Patients with type 2 diabetes, proteinuria, and systolic blood pressure (BP) <130 mm Hg are at an increased risk of total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, suggesting that proteinuria should be taken into account when establishing target systolic BP levels for prevention of fatal CVD events, according to research published online Aug. 14 in the Journal of Internal Medicine.

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Stress Causes Lower INR in VTE Patients Not on Blood Thinners

FRIDAY, Aug. 24 (HealthDay News) -- The effect of psychological distress on clotting times and clotting factors varies in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and depends on whether or not they are receiving oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, according to a Swiss study published in the August issue of the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

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New Model Explains How Lungs Clear Foreign Matter

FRIDAY, Aug. 24 (HealthDay News) -- Mucus in the lungs clears foreign matter by moving along a brush-like periciliary layer rather than a watery layer, which keeps it from sticking to the airway surface, according to a study published in the Aug. 24 issue of Science.

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RNA Assays Up Sensitivity of Urothelial Carcinoma Detection

TUESDAY, Aug. 21 (HealthDay News) -- Cxbladder, a derivative of the RNA assay uRNA, may be an effective alternative to cytology and nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) assays for the detection of urothelial carcinoma, according to a study published in the September issue of The Journal of Urology.

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Experimental Combo Treatment Worsens Type 1 Diabetes

THURSDAY, Aug. 23 (HealthDay News) -- A treatment regimen that is effective in preventing diabetes in a mouse model of the disease leads to worsening disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, according to a study published online June 20 in Diabetes.

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Study Casts Doubts on Brain Regions for Self-Awareness

THURSDAY, Aug. 23 (HealthDay News) -- The case of a self-aware man with extensive damage to brain regions thought to be critical for self-awareness suggests that a more diffuse brain network and other brain networks are involved, according to a study published online Aug. 22 in PLoS One.

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Sequencing Identifies Spread of Deadly Bacterial Outbreak

THURSDAY, Aug. 23 (HealthDay News) -- A drug-resistant bacterial strain that caused a serious outbreak resulting in deaths has been traced back to the original patient, and transmission patterns have been identified based on sequencing the genomes of the bacterial isolates, according to research published in the Aug. 22 issue of Science Translational Medicine.

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Metastatic Melanoma Responds to First-Line Interleukin-21

THURSDAY, Aug. 23 (HealthDay News) -- In the first-line treatment of metastatic melanoma, interleukin-21 (IL-21) shows an overall response rate (ORR) of 22.5 percent and warrants further study, according to research published online Aug. 20 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

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Tattoo Ink Found to Be Source of M. Chelonae Outbreak

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 22 (HealthDay News) -- Premixed tattoo ink has been found to be the source of an outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae in 19 patients in Rochester, N.Y., according to a study published online Aug. 22 in the New England Journal of Medicine.

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De Novo Mutation Rate Higher in Children of Older Fathers

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 22 (HealthDay News) -- Children of older fathers have a higher rate of new mutations, which may affect the risk of diseases such as autism and schizophrenia, according to a study published in the Aug. 23 issue of Nature.

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T Cells Key in Atherosclerosis-Linked Inflammation

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 22 (HealthDay News) -- In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, CD4+ T cells interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the presence of cognate antigen, leading to cell activation and proliferation and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, according to an experimental study published online Aug. 13 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

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Azathioprine May Benefit Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis

TUESDAY, Aug. 21 (HealthDay News) -- For pediatric patients with refractory atopic dermatitis (AD), oral azathioprine is associated with clinical improvement, and measurement of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity seems useful for monitoring treatment, according to a study published online Aug. 13 in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

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Post-Polyp Detection, CRC Risk ID'd by Colonoscopy Factors

MONDAY, Aug. 20 (HealthDay News) -- In the community setting, after colonoscopic polyp detection, colonoscopy-related factors such as incomplete polyp removal and lack of surveillance colonoscopies are more important than polyp characteristics in predicting subsequent colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, according to a study published in the Aug. 21 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine.

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Study Shows 'SuperAgers' Have Thicker Cortex, No Atrophy

MONDAY, Aug. 20 (HealthDay News) -- 'SuperAgers,' individuals over the age of 80 with episodic memory performance as good as normative values for 50- to 65-year-olds, do exist, and they have a thicker cerebral cortex, with no atrophy, according to a study published online Aug. 16 in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

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Autoantibodies Predict Severity of IgA Nephropathy

FRIDAY, Aug. 17 (HealthDay News) -- Serum levels of autoantibodies to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) and the modified galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), seen in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), are strongly associated with disease progression, according to a study published online Aug. 16 in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.

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Pathologists Tend to Reclassify Prior Nonmalignant Diagnoses

FRIDAY, Aug. 17 (HealthDay News) -- For dermatopathologists there is a trend toward reclassification of prior nonmalignant diagnoses of severely atypical dysplastic nevi as malignant, according to a study published in the September issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

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Small-Molecule Inhibitor Has Potential As Male Contraceptive

THURSDAY, Aug. 16 (HealthDay News) -- In mice, a selective, small-molecule inhibitor, JQ1, which targets the testis-specific member of the bromodomain and extraterminal subfamily of epigenetic reader proteins, BRDT, can cross the blood:testis barrier and cause complete and reversible contraception in mice, according to a study published online Aug. 16 in Cell.

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Olive Oil Consumption Linked to Increased Serum Osteocalcin

THURSDAY, Aug. 16 (HealthDay News) -- Consumption of olive oil in addition to a Mediterranean diet correlates with increased osteocalcin levels and improvements in bone formation markers in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk, according to a study published online Aug. 1 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

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Brain's 'Glymphatic' System Clears Interstitial Solutes

THURSDAY, Aug. 16 (HealthDay News) -- Similar to the lymphatic system, the brain also contains a newly discovered system to drain waste, dubbed the "glymphatic" system, which may clear proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, according to a study published in the Aug. 15 issue of Science Translational Medicine.

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Ten New Susceptibility Loci Identified for Type 2 Diabetes

THURSDAY, Aug. 16 (HealthDay News) -- Using a new DNA chip, the Metabochip, which includes 196,725 variants, to identify nominal associations for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic and cardiovascular traits, 10 novel loci have been identified for T2D, according to research published online Aug. 12 in Nature Genetics.

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Familial Dementia Risk Linked to C-Reactive Protein Levels

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15 (HealthDay News) -- The relatives of cognitively intact elderly men with high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), have a reduced risk of dementia, according to a study published online Aug. 15 in Neurology.

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One-Hour Algorithm Safe for Rule-Out/Rule-In of Acute MI

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15 (HealthDay News) -- An algorithm using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-CTnT) levels at baseline and after one hour can be used to successfully rule out or accurately diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the majority of patients who present with acute chest pain, according to research published online Aug. 13 in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

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Biomarker Found to Predict Therapy Benefit in Renal Cancer

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15 (HealthDay News) -- Pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a predictive biomarker for the survival benefit derived from treatment with the TORC1 inhibitor temsirolimus in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), according to a study published online Aug. 13 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

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Acquired Ovarian Cancer Drug Resistance Linked to Genomes

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15 (HealthDay News) -- The genomes of tumors from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer display spatial and temporal genomic variation, with a greater degree of variation as tumors become resistant to chemotherapy, and resistance is associated with lower levels of the lipid transporter LRP1B, according to a study published in the Aug. 15 issue of Cancer Research.

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ABO Blood Group Correlated With Coronary Heart Disease

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15 (HealthDay News) -- There is a significantly elevated risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) among individuals with blood group A, B, or AB compared with those with blood group O, according to a study published online Aug. 14 in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.

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Tissue Platinum Concentrations Linked to Response in NSCLC

TUESDAY, Aug. 14 (HealthDay News) -- For patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who undergo neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, tissue platinum concentrations correlate positively with improved outcome, according to a study published online Aug. 13 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

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Rat Study Shows Chrysotile Asbestos Is Strong Carcinogen

TUESDAY, Aug. 14 (HealthDay News) -- Chrysotile, a commercially used type of asbestos, induces malignant mesothelioma (MM) in the rat peritoneal cavity, with pathogenesis strongly linked to iron overload, according to a study published online Aug. 2 in The Journal of Pathology.

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Novel System Improves Retinal Prostheses in Mouse Model

TUESDAY, Aug. 14 (HealthDay News) -- A visual prosthetic that mimics normal retinal processing is able to improve retinal prosthetic capability in a mouse model of retinal degeneration, according to a study published online Aug. 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Regular Exercise in Middle Age Lowers Inflammatory Markers

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- Middle-aged adults who have regularly engaged in physical activity for more than a decade appear to benefit from lower markers of inflammation, according to a study published online Aug. 13 in Circulation.

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Staph Superantigen Induces Lupus-Like Features in Mice

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- Chronic exposure to superantigen (SAg)-producing Staphylococcus aureus can induce systemic inflammatory disease symptoms in mice, with features similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), according to a study published online July 13 in The Journal of Immunology.

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Urinary Proteomics Aids Early ID of Diabetic Nephropathy

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- A biomarker classifier in urine can allow early detection of progression to diabetic nephropathy years before onset of macroalbuminuria, according to a study published online Aug. 7 in Diabetes.

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Radiation Prevents Mastectomy Post-Conservative Op in Elderly

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- Following conservative surgery (CS), receipt of radiation therapy (RT) is associated with a decreased likelihood of subsequent mastectomy for most women aged 70 to 79 years with early breast cancer, according to a study published online Aug. 13 in Cancer.

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Prevalence, Risk of Thyroid Disease Up in Vitiligo Patients

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- Both the prevalence and the risk of thyroid diseases are significantly higher among patients with vitiligo compared to those without the condition, according to a study published online Aug. 3 in the British Journal of Dermatology.

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High-Risk HPV Present in Subset of Penile Carcinomas

MONDAY, Aug. 13 (HealthDay News) -- High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is found in a subset of penile squamous cell carcinomas (PSCCs) that may develop from undifferentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), according to a study published online Aug. 6 in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

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Risk of Residual Disease Up in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

FRIDAY, Aug. 10 (HealthDay News) -- Women with triple negative (TN) breast cancer have a significantly increased risk of residual carcinoma after lumpectomy, according to a study published in the Aug. 15 issue of Cancer.

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PSA Change After 5α Reductase Therapy Aids Cancer Diagnosis

FRIDAY, Aug. 10 (HealthDay News) -- The magnitude of change in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) after 5α-reductase inhibitor therapy may help diagnose prostate cancer in men with persistently increased serum PSA and previously negative biopsies, according to a study published in the September issue of The Journal of Urology.

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Prognostic Factors Identified in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

FRIDAY, Aug. 10 (HealthDay News) -- Diagnosis of low- or intermediate-grade tumors is associated with significantly better overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the salivary glands, while advanced disease stage and perineural invasion are the most significant indicators of poor prognosis, according to a study published in the Aug. 15 issue of Cancer.

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High IgE Levels Inversely Associated With Risk of Glioma

THURSDAY, Aug. 9 (HealthDay News) -- There appears to be an inverse relationship between elevated allergy biomarker levels (immunoglobulin E [IgE]) and the risk of developing glioma, which is detectable many years before tumor diagnosis, according to a study published online Aug. 1 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

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Vaccine Transiently Modifies Autoimmunity in Diabetes

THURSDAY, Aug. 9 (HealthDay News) -- A tuberculosis vaccine can reduce autoimmunity and increase insulin production in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes, according to a study published online Aug. 8 in PLoS One.

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Global Brain Connectivity Linked to Intelligence

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 8 (HealthDay News) -- The activity of the lateral prefrontal cortex of the brain and its level of connectivity with other brain regions predicts intelligence, according to a study published in the June 27 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience.

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Cellular Protein Important in Breast Cancer Metastasis

TUESDAY, Aug. 7 (HealthDay News) -- A protein important in cell adhesion and migration is important in breast cancer metastasis, and its expression level predicts recurrence-free and distant metastasis-free survival, according to a study published online Aug. 7 in Cancer Research.

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Drug Helps Control Glucose in Congenital Hyperinsulinism

TUESDAY, Aug. 7 (HealthDay News) -- An experimental drug may be able to control blood glucose levels in patients with a form of congenital hyperinsulinism, according to a study published online Aug. 1 in Diabetes.

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New Method Improves BRCA1/2 Mutation Detection

TUESDAY, Aug. 7 (HealthDay News) -- A next-generation sequencing method is a more effective method for identifying mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, according to a study published online Aug. 5 in The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.

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Celiac Disease Prevalence Is Less Than 1 Percent in the U.S.

MONDAY, Aug. 6 (HealthDay News) -- The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States is 0.71 percent, according to research published online July 31 in the American Journal of Gastroenterology.

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Rap1 Plays Role in Smooth Muscle Cell Vasoconstriction

MONDAY, Aug. 6 (HealthDay News) -- The Ras-related small GTPase, Rap1, couples to RhoA, and is involved in relocalization of G protein-coupled α2C-adrenoceptors (α2CARs) in smooth muscle cells derived from human dermal arterioles (microVSM), according to a study published online May 23 in the American Journal of Physiology -- Cell Physiology.

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Gut Microbiota Undergo Remodeling During Pregnancy

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (HealthDay News) -- Gut microbiota undergo remodeling over the course of pregnancy, with an increase in between-subject diversity and in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria from the first to the third trimester, according to a study published online Aug. 3 in Cell.

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Gene Subnetworks Predict Risk of Leukemia Progression

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (HealthDay News) -- Subnetworks of interacting genes can predict the risk of disease progression requiring treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, according to a study published online July 26 in Blood.

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Study Links Mitochondria to Reduced Male Lifespan

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (HealthDay News) -- Mutations in mitochondria are associated with reduced lifespan in male Drosophila melanogaster only, a consequence of the strictly maternal transmission of mitochondria, according to a study published online Aug. 2 in Current Biology.

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Alzheimer's Cognitive Decline Slows in Advanced Age

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (HealthDay News) -- The rates of cognitive decline and atrophy characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decrease with advancing age, while cognitively healthy individuals show increased rates, according to a study published online Aug. 2 in PLoS One.

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Depression May Affect Survival in Metastatic Renal Cancer

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (HealthDay News) -- For patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), depressive symptoms may be a predictor of survival, with potential links to cortisol dysregulation and expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic genes, according to a study published online Aug. 1 in PLoS One.

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RB Pathway Linked to Breast Cancer Treatment Response

THURSDAY, Aug. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Disruption of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway in breast cancer is associated with an improved response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, according to a study published online July 18 in Clinical Cancer Research.

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Alzheimer's Peptides Beneficial in Multiple Sclerosis Model

THURSDAY, Aug. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Peptides that play a key role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease have been found to reduce motor paralysis and brain inflammation in mouse models of multiple sclerosis (MS), according to an experimental study published in the Aug. 1 issue of Science Translational Medicine.

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Cellular Mechanisms of HIV-1 Dissemination Elucidated

THURSDAY, Aug. 2 (HealthDay News) -- HIV-1-infected T cells are motile, form syncytia, and play a key role in HIV dissemination, according to a letter to the editor published online Aug. 1 in Nature.

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Rabies Virus Exposure Linked to Possible Natural Resistance

THURSDAY, Aug. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Remote communities in the Peruvian Amazon at risk of rabies infection show signs of exposure to the virus, suggesting that exposure may not always be fatal, according to a study published in the August issue of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

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Cancer 'Stem Cells' Identified in Different Tumors

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 1 (HealthDay News) -- A small population of cancer cells seem able to propagate cancer cell growth, in solid tumors and in intestinal adenomas, according to two studies published online Aug. 1 in Nature and a third study also published online Aug. 1 in Science.

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Brain Connectivity Altered in Type 2 Diabetes

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 1 (HealthDay News) -- Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reduced functional connectivity in the default mode network, which is associated with insulin resistance in some brain regions, according to a study published online July 26 in Diabetes.

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